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uyghur1
04-10-06, 07:35
http://www.uyghur1.com/uyghur/viewtopic.php?t=6484


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关於乌古尔(Oghur)诸族

——内亚史研究笔记之二

Oghur诸族约於五世纪後期开始出现在西方，今人一般将其与中国
史籍中之“铁勒”勘同（据Golden及Sinor）。应该看到，铁 勒虽
以从前匈奴之属部丁零、高车之後裔为主，但并非单一之种族，也
夹杂了一些源出他族如鲜卑的部落，故实为一系列血缘庞杂之部落
之统称，大体可视为带有前蒙古成分之前突厥人群体。

这些Oghur部落之部落既以-r结尾，则其时前突厥语尚未发生r-z音
变，因此r-z音变之发生当在突厥汗国建立之後（即阿史那突厥人兴
起之後），其原因或受古塞语残留之影响，亦或可归结於後同印欧
语、闪语之接触，总之，那些从五世纪起陆续西迁欧洲之民族大多
是出於反抗蒙古高原霸主——先为柔然，後为突厥—†之压迫，故
当他们到达欧洲时，无论Hun, Bulgar, Sabir, Avar还是Oghur诸族，
都表现出前突厥－蒙古之特征，因其时突厥与蒙古之分化尚未开始。

见诸西史之Oghur诸部主要有：Oghur, Onoghur, Saraghur, Utighur,
Kutrighur等，皆以-(o)ghur为词根，故可视为Oghur同源分出。其
中，Onoghur, Utighur和Kutrighur可分别视为“十姓”、“三十姓 €
和“九姓”Oghur（据Golden），Saraghur则可与“ 撒拉回鹘”即今
裕固人之祖先相对应（据钟进文及cinason）。近年曾数有学者指出
匈牙利人与我国裕固族之民间音乐颇有相似之处，这一点如若认识
到匈牙利民族的组成中有不少Oghur诸族的成分（特别地，“匈牙
利”名称的来源就是出自Onoghur）便不难理解——铁勒中的 回纥
部落将两者联系了起来。将Oghur与“铁勒”勘同从语音上不能令
人满意，而在铁勒中最著名之部落首推回纥（又作乌护、乌纥、韦
纥、回鹘等，西史及波斯阿拉伯史料中作Uighur），其在语音上与
Oghur正相切合，故Oghur一名当与回纥有关。有几点可资参证。
其一，在古突厥碑铭中，有所谓Toquz Oghuz一族，今人多将其比
定为与“九姓回纥”，Oghuz对应回纥，而当时之r-z突厥音变业已
发生，Oghuz之原形即为Oghur；其二，维吾尔之传说提到其祖先
名Oghuz（今传史诗《乌古斯可汗传》），兹同样系由Oghur变来；
其三，拉施特在《史集》中说，乌古斯是全体突厥人共同的始祖，
特别地，畏兀儿是由乌古斯本部和其诸叔的部属联合在一起形成的，
据此可知，Uighur与Oghuz之间的关联在十四世纪之前形成的传说
中便已提到。故而cinason推测，西史中之Oghur诸族很可能便是回
纥中最早西迁之一支（其时突厥、蒙古尚未分化），当突厥崛起後，
回纥内部发生分裂，於是形成了突厥语诸族中不同的分支：较早归
属突厥的一些部落突厥化较为深入，部名也由於r-z音变而变为
Oghuz，主要形成为西突厥治下的乌古斯诸部，後来威震西方之佩切
涅格(Pechneg)、塞尔柱克(Seljuk)和奥斯曼(Osman)等突厥部落皆出
其中，该部主要向西南迁徙，大部进入里海平原及安纳托利亚高原，
成为今日土库曼人及土耳其人之祖先，也有一支东迁进入我国甘肃，
成为撒拉族的祖先；较晚归属突厥的一部分则始终保持相对的独立，
部名也未发生r-z音变，成为突厥治下的九姓回纥，并不断反抗突厥
之统治，终於在八世纪中叶推翻後突厥政权，主宰漠北近百年，後
亦向西南迁移，今日之维吾尔人及裕固人主要是其後裔。

阿瓦尔(Avar)人之兴衰

——内亚史研究笔记之三

据西史记载，先期西迁之Oghur诸部主要是为间接或直接地逃避东
方大族Avar之压迫，此Avar即是中国史籍中拓跋魏帝国之北方宿
敌柔然。因Oghur中有不少部落曾加入阿提拉之Hun人部落联盟，
故在阿提拉去世、联盟瓦解後这些部落虽退回黑海、高加索、伏尔
加之故地，仍泛称为Hun人。他们有的保持了原有部落，有的则重
新组合，如Bulgar人便吸收了阿提拉之馀部，并且包含了相当一部
分Onoghur成分。在这一时期中（五、六世纪，突厥兴起之前），
位於其南之拜占庭帝国也常常将他们统称为Hun人。

在Hun人部落联盟瓦解後，Hun人四分五裂，一部分加入拜占庭帝
国作雇佣军，一部分则加入北边之新兴部落，并时时对帝国进行骚
扰。最先在北方威胁拜占庭帝国的Hun人部落是Bulgar人，当查士
丁尼上台後，在出身阿提拉後人的蛮族将领蒙多(Mundo)的领导下，
对Bulgar的战争取得了重大胜利，危机一度缓和，但随即又有多瑙
河下游以北之Kutrighur部落转为拜占庭新的威胁，查士丁尼遂用“以
夷制夷”之计，收买其东北之另一Hun人部落Utighur，使两者自相
残杀，以坐收渔利。在这些争斗中，陆续有为数不少之Oghur部落
西迁至潘诺尼亚平原即从前阿提拉Hun人之故地定居下来。正当拜
占庭与其北方强邻苦斗不已之时，六世纪中叶，东方迁来了更强大
之游牧民族Avar人。

实际上，这一族只是冒用了Avar之威名，而并非真正的Avar人，
不过他们很可能是曾经役属於柔然的高车或嚈哒馀部，因此借用从
前主人之名称也不为过（真正之Avar即柔然人已在此时之东方被新
兴之突厥击灭）。Avar之西迁主要便是为逃避突厥之征讨，而作为
柔然与嚈哒征服者之突厥的确也从东方对Avar诸部紧追不舍。Avar
入欧洲之初，可谓一路顺风，先後征服了Sabir和Oghur诸部，Bulgar
部也被迫加入其联盟，就连刚刚在欧洲历史上开始觉醒之斯拉夫部
落也大部臣服於Avar；然而，慑於东方日益逼近之突厥之威胁，Avar
不得不进一步西迁。当时，多瑙河中游主要由日耳曼部落之格皮德
(Gepid)人统治——自Hun帝国崩溃後他们占据这块心脏地带已逾百
年，Avar人便联合其北之伦巴德(Lombard)人共破Gepid人，之後独
占其地，Lombard人则南下波河流域，占领了查士丁尼历经近三十
年之征战才从东哥特人处收复之意大利本土之北半部分，从而粉碎
了查士丁尼恢复帝国旧域之迷梦，极大地改变了欧洲历史。Avar人
主体遂迁至潘诺尼亚，并带去了相当数量之Kutrighur人；另一方面，
由於Avar人征服了大量的斯拉夫部落，将其带至具有先进文明的拜
占庭帝国内外，这就为日後巴尔干地区的斯拉夫化埋下了伏笔。

此後Avar多次进犯拜占庭帝国，值突厥内乱无暇西顾之际其势更
盛，常与波斯联合夹击拜国。然而至七世纪二十年代，Avar渐呈衰
落之态，公元626年更成为一大转折。在这一年的东方，即将登上
皇位的大唐帝国的实际奠基人李世民靠着他的沉着、机智与勇敢，
在长安城下的渭水边上慑退了来犯的突厥大军，并与其可汗颉利结
下盟誓，不经意间已悄悄地启开了征服东西突厥的帷幕；而就在同
一时期的西方的君士坦丁堡城下，与波斯结盟并裹胁Bulgar人与斯
拉夫人联合进攻拜占庭的Avar人也遭到惨败，从此Avar一蹶不振，
联盟迅即瓦解，本部局促於中欧，苟延残喘至九世纪初，终被查理
曼之法兰克人与多瑙河之Bulgar人击灭，馀众遂融入当地，後同化
於马扎尔人及邻近之斯拉夫人。又当Avar强盛时，曾统治高加索等
地，因山高地僻，受外界影响较小，故留下一支後裔，这便是今日
俄罗斯联邦北高加索东部达吉斯坦地区的阿瓦尔人。

保加尔(Bulgar)人与匈(Hun)人之关系

——内亚史研究笔记之一

Bulgar名号之确切首次出现当在公元480年，其身份为拜占庭帝国
北方来侵之游牧民族，此後为患北方边境七十馀年，至六世纪中叶，
被东来之阿瓦尔人(Avar)征服。事见伯里之《後期罗马帝国史》
(J.B.Bury, History of the Later Roman Empire)，亦见西诺尔主编之《剑
桥内亚古代史》(Denis Sinor, The Cambridge history of early Inner Asia)
及戈尔顿之《突厥语民族历史导论》(Peter B.Golden, An introduction to
the history of the Turkic peoples)，还可参见路易·巴赞之《突厥历法
研究》。今日大多数学者已公认，Bulgar人正是阿提拉(Attila)匈人馀
部在其爱子厄尔纳克(Ernack)率领下退回多瑙河下游以北的那一部分
与邻近匈人部落（主要是乌古尔(Oghur)诸部）混合而成之古代民族，
“Bulgar”一词之含义即为“混合、聚集”。考48 0年距阿提拉之死
27年，其子厄尔纳克正当壮年，实为Bulgar民族之奠基人，故而在
後来多瑙河保加利亚汗国建立之後撰成的一份《历代可汗年表》中
保加尔人将Irnik置於第二位，此Irnik学者们多认为与Ernack是同
一人，而其即位的年份正为454年即阿提拉去世次年。今日之研究
者多将伏尔加河中游一带的楚瓦什(Chuvash)人的语言划入突厥语
族，Chuvash人正是七世纪後期迁往伏尔加河中游的Bulgar人的後
裔。Chuvash语在突厥语族和整个阿尔泰语系中有着独特的地位，
其在语音上最典型的特点是其他普通突厥语词尾之-z在Chuvash语
同源词中为-r，这是近於蒙古语而异於其他突厥语的，可以将其视为
从突厥语向蒙古语变化的过渡语。据此可知，古Bulgar语是一种前
突厥语，而且在普通突厥语与蒙古语分化开之前便已经独立出来，
因此它没有其他突厥语的-z词尾演变，而保留了古阿尔泰语中的-r
词尾。今人一般认为，与古匈奴语不无关系的Hun语也是一种前突
厥语，Hun语的语言特点当部分地保留到了Bulgar语和今Chuvash
语中。

保加尔(Bulgar)人之流向

——内亚史研究笔记之四

自挣脱Avar之控制後，从七世纪三十年代起，Bulgar联合Oghur馀
部着手复国，可汗为曾质於君士坦丁堡之库勃拉特(Kubrat)，出自
Onoghur部，属咄陆(Dulo)一系（据网上资料Hunno-Bulgar
Chronology）。此时突厥西端之哈扎尔(Khazar)亦已独立，因双方从
前之宗主即已水火难容，於是Bulgar遂与Khazar交战不已。Golden
将此一争斗视为西突厥内部咄陆与弩失毕两厢之争在欧亚内陆西端
之馀绪，若然，则Khazar之可汗当出自弩失毕一系。Kubrat汗约死
於六十年代，之後其长子巴颜(Bayan)即位，对Khazar之战争渐处下
风，公元668年，Bulgar人战败，Bayan下落不明，馀部在Kubrat
其馀四子之领导下继续抗战。由於除Khazar外，尚有Avar人、拜
占庭人以及新兴之阿拉伯人与Bulgar人为敌，抗战终归失利，剩下
的Bulgar人在Kubrat诸子领导下向各处迁移，其主要者有两支，一
为Kubrat次子科特拉格(Kotrag)率领之一支，在名义上臣属於
Khazar，向北远迁至伏尔加河中游，在伏尔加河与卡马河之交汇口
建Bulgar城，是为“伏尔加保加尔汗国”；一为Kubrat第三 子阿斯
巴鲁赫(Asparukh)率领之一支，仍坚持抵抗Khazar，向西南迁至多
瑙河下游，征服并联合一些斯拉夫部落，於公元681年立国，建都
於Pliska，是为“多瑙河保加尔汗国”【今之斯拉夫学者有将其视
为斯拉夫人之最早立国者，殊甚荒谬】。伏尔加保加尔汗国立国甚
久，西迁前之原始马扎尔人正於其时其地受其统治，从而开其突厥
化之先河；十世纪时Khazar汗国衰落，伏尔加保加尔汗国遂摆脱其
控制，後於十三世纪灭於西侵之蒙古人，其後裔除部分融入喀山鞑
靼人外，主要便成为今日之楚瓦什人。多瑙河保加尔汗国则在抗击
Khazar之同时，继续与拜占庭为敌，至九世纪初，国势渐盛，可汗
克鲁姆(Krum)先与查理曼大帝结盟，联手灭掉残存之Avar汗国（AD
803），成为巴尔干所有Oghur部落（Onoghur, Kutrighur, Utighur及
Saraghur）之首领；後又大败拜占庭军队（AD 811），杀死其皇帝
Nicephorus，并按Bulgar人之风俗以银镶其头为饮器，拜占庭被迫
割地求和，Bulgar人之势力遂逐渐进入多瑙河以南之地。当九世纪
后期接受东正教後，多瑙河保加尔人走上斯拉夫化之道路，此後通
常被称为“保加利亚(Bulgaria)人”，实质上则是征服者之保 加尔人
同化於广大的被征服者之斯拉夫人了。对於今日的保加利亚人来说，
源出突厥部落的保加尔人仅仅是留下了一个名称而已，其他方面的
影响应当说是很小的。

保加尔(Bulgar)在中文史料中之比定

——内亚史研究笔记之五
　
关於Bulgar对应於中文史料之何族，至今迄无定论。白鸟库吉将其
比定为《隋书》所载铁勒诸部中之“伏嗢昏”，其名仅此一见，且
其断句尚存商榷。余太山则认为Bulgar可与元魏内入诸姓之“步鹿
孤”勘同，若然，两者亦当早於拓跋鲜卑入主中原之前即已分开，
案拓跋部早期曾“统国三十六，大姓九十九”，当有不少铁勒部落
在其中，而有的西方学者（如格鲁塞）也正是将拓跋人归入突厥一
系，此与Bulgar之汗室曾出自铁勒之Dulo一系亦不矛盾。案Bulgar
可能与Hun同时或更早时西迁，其留在漠北的同族便加入了拓跋人
的大联盟，成为大姓步鹿孤，後改为“陆”，《切韵》之编订者陆
法言既是此族中人。
　
cinason以为，铁勒诸部中之拔野古或亦与之有关，从对音上看，相
差无几，拔野古当为留在漠北之Bulgar本部，其先或可追溯到五世
纪初被柔然可汗社仑征服之匈奴馀部拔也稽（Bulgar之西迁可能即
在此时，也可能早於此时而与北匈奴一同西迁），柔然汗国破灭後，
拔也稽成为突厥阿史那人统治下的铁勒九姓之一拔野古，它的力量
仍相当强大，与回纥一道不断反抗突厥，在共同推翻前後突厥汗国
的过程中结成以回纥为首的大部落联盟，後成为回纥外九姓中之大
姓；又，西迁之Bulgar亦有复东回者，此点试略述如下。
　
据《隋书·长孙晟传》，六世纪末七世纪初，突厥内乱，可汗争立，
西突厥室点密之子步迦可汗达头东侵漠北，与附隋之启民可汗相争，
在以长孙晟为代表的隋朝势力的策动下，达头後方及部下之所属部
落乘机暴动，有“铁勒、思结、伏利具、浑、斛萨、阿拔、仆骨”
等十馀部俱叛，达头大败，逃入吐谷浑不知所终。此处所列之部落，
唯“伏利具”无考，“阿拔”多比定为西史之Avar，其 馀部落皆见
於铁勒之中，然“浑”之比定尚存疑问，除认为当为铁勒九姓中之
浑部外，也有可能是Hun之音译。联系此时欧亚内陆之东西方形势，
cinason认为，此处出现之“伏利具”，很有可能便是被突厥征服裹
胁东来之一部分Bulgar。前已提到，突厥曾於六世纪後期向西跟踪
追讨Avar并征服了其中之一部分，其时Avar已征服Bulgar等Hun、
Oghur部落，故其归降突厥之部落中可能也含有Bulgar、Hun之部
落，此即上文出现之“伏利具、浑”，而“阿拔”则既可能 为与Bulgar、
Hun一同归降突厥之Avar部落，也可能为早先破於突厥後未随主体
西迁之Avar馀部。考西突厥之室点密－达头一系本出弩失毕，而
Bulgar等部正属咄陆，两厢素有矛盾，故在达头东侵时有此叛乱，
也可於此释之。又，注意到上文中之“伏利具”与“浑”两 词紧相
邻接，可推知两者之关系必极密切，而Bulgar与Hun之关系前文已
有论述，且在西史中正是经常将两者相提并论，甚至有时就写作
Hunno-Bulgar或Bulgar-Hun，此正为“伏利具－浑”之译写。若然，
则保加尔人曾於七世纪初与隋朝联手对抗突厥矣。

马扎尔(Magyar)人之源流

——内亚史研究笔记之六
　
“马扎尔”为匈牙利人之自称，其进入欧洲以前之历史众说纷纭，
莫衷一是。近代之学者曾多数将其归入芬－乌戈尔一系，但也有不
少“异端”之说。如Pritsak认为，Magyar之名可能与鲜卑之†œ慕容”
有关，谓鲜卑之一支Sabir西迁至乌拉尔－伏尔加地区，征服当地之
乌戈尔人，遂形成马扎尔人云云。近又有朱学渊撰文提出（论马扎
尔人的远东祖源，载《世界民族》1998年第2期），Magyar为七世
纪後期靺鞨之一部反抗唐征高丽失败西迁而来，并从语言及姓氏等
方面作了大量对比论证，谓今日之匈牙利人与靺鞨後裔之女真人相
合之处甚多。虽然，以目前之证据，要得出具体之结论实为不易，
上述假说共同之处却都揭示出Magyar与阿尔泰诸民族（鲜卑与靺鞨
分属阿尔泰诸族中的蒙古系与通古斯系）有较深的渊源，现在一般
的看法大体上认为，Magyar主要是乌拉尔人与阿尔泰人共同构成，
当然，由於後来长期处於印欧系民族的包围之中，也混入了不少的
欧罗巴因子。
　
原始的Magyar人是属於乌拉尔语系芬－乌戈尔语族的乌戈尔人之一
部，原居於乌拉尔山与伏尔加河中游之间，七世纪70年代，Bulgar
汗国在Khazar之打击下瓦解，一支北迁到伏尔加河中游，Magyar
人最迟便从此时起开始了与阿尔泰人之接触，由於Bulgar人以“前
突厥”因素为主，Magyar人於此开始受到突厥之影响；因伏尔加保
加尔汗国在名义上仍臣属於南方之Khazar汗国，故此Magyar人亦
受以弩失毕系突厥人为可汗之Khazar人之影响。至八世纪中叶，有
一支Magyar人向西南迁移，以Khazar属部的身份活动於黑海北岸
一带，在这里他们接受了更多的突厥文化，兹有两点可资参证：其
一，今日匈牙利语之“神”为isten，此即源自西突厥始祖之名室点
密(Istemi)；其二，在突厥本部早已失传之古突厥文字（西方称之为
突厥Runi文字，因其字形上类似於古代北欧之Runi文字）却一直
到十八世纪仍保存於匈牙利之特兰西瓦尼亚地区。到九世纪末，
Magyar逐渐脱离Khazar的约束，加强了内部的统治，七个部落在
埃泰克兹（伏尔加河、顿河下游之间）成立了部落联盟，据君士坦
丁皇帝时代的文献记载：“匈牙利诸部落有鉴於阿尔莫什之子阿尔
巴德深孚众望，才智过人，勇力超群，按照卡扎尔【cinason案：即
Khazar】风俗与法律，置阿尔巴德於盾，立为大公。”滴血为盟的
背景是：虽已摆脱了Khazar人的控制，但力量上大大超过Magyar
人的佩彻涅格(Pechneg)人却意味着更大的危险。Pechneg人原属中
亚突厥乌古斯之一部，後来向西迁徙，九世纪初来到伏尔加河流域，
由於受到Khazar人的压迫，又移至第涅伯河和普鲁斯特河之间的草
原地带。当时，Magyar人作为拜占庭的盟友与西南的多瑙河Bulgar
人作战，但其後方（东方）却不断遭到与Bulgar人结盟的Pechneg
人的袭击，终於在895年被迫离开埃泰克兹，节节向喀尔巴阡盆地
退却。此後他们入据从前Hun人和Avar人之故地即多瑙河中游一
带，在此他们接纳了由Khazar处逃来之Kabar三部（後匈牙利建国
时之王室亦出自Kabar），组成十部落联盟，仍自称Magyar。
　
然从前文可知，在多瑙河中游地区本已有相当数量之Onoghur人，
其为Hun、Avar及Bulgar时期陆续迁入，先已融合了Hun与Avar
之遗众，此时遂与新来之Magyar人联合，奠定了日後匈牙利民族之
基础，而四周各族则多称其为“翁古尔”（Ongur，源自Onogh ur，
後演变为俄语之Венгри，德语之Ungarn，意大利语之
Ungheria，法语之Hongrie，西班牙语之Hungria以及英语之Hungary
等等），盖因Onoghur人在其地久已闻名，且Magyar人之到来带给
欧洲人的恐怖初毫不亚於五百年前之Hun人，Hun一词与Onoghur
之词首音又相近，遂演变成Ongur(Hungary)，而其自称反而不显。
Magyar人於十世纪定居今匈牙利地区後，不久建立匈牙利王国，皈
依天主教，此已不属於内亚史之范围，故不再赘述。
Oghuzhan teyyarlidi
06-10-06, 02:53
Shuimu Tsinghua BBS stations letter points : On Wuguer (Oghur) Ethnic Groups History notes bis -- Motoc About Oghur Ethnic Groups in the West began in the late fifth century, and today its general with China Historical records "Tielei" with the survey (according to Golden and Sinor). It should be noted that although Tielei Ding Ling 之 unit to the former king, the descendants of the main truck, but not to single race. He interspersed with some sources such as Xianbei ethnic tribes, the tribes actually a series of blood mixed 之 Abide, they can generally be regarded as components in Mongolia before the Turkic groups. These tribal 之 Oghur r to the end of both tribes, their Turkic not happened before diameter Music Change, when the incidence of variable diameter sounded Turkic khanates in the establishment (the Turks Hing Ashina After starting), or why the ancient Serbian residual impact that might later be attributed to the same Indo-European Language, words flash contact, in a word, moved westward to those starting from the fifth century, most European nations -- For the first out against hegemony in the genus Rouran, after Turk -- compression, it When they arrived in Europe, Hun, Bulgar, Sabir, Avar or Oghur Ethnic Groups. Have shown before Turkic-Mongol characteristic because when the Turkic and Mongolian differentiation has not yet begun. Oghur tribes found mainly in West History : Oghur, Onoghur, Saraghur, Utighur. Kutrighur, tailor - (o) of Roots ghur, it can be regarded as Oghur homology pros. Its , Onoghur, Kutrighur Utighur and can be regarded as "10 names," "30 surname" "Jiuxing" Oghur (According to Golden), and may Saraghur "Salar Uighur" measure Yugur corresponding human ancestors (According to Zhong Jin-wen and cinason). In recent years a number of scholars have pointed out : Hungarian nongovernmental Yugurs with our music is quite similar to understand this point, if they Many of the Hungarian national Oghur Ethnic Groups in the composition of the ingredients (especially that "Hungary Lee "is the name of the source from Onoghur), we can easily understand the return tassels -- Tielei Tribal links the two together. Will Oghur "Tielei" can not make voice from the same survey Were satisfied with the outcome, and the most important tribal Tielei most famous 之 back tassels (also for protecting Ukraine, and Uzbekistan tassels, Wei Tassels, the Uighurs, the history of the West and the Arab Persian materials for Uighur), with the voice Oghur are opposed to meet, and when it Oghur a knot on the back. Some may refer to a card. First, in the ancient Turkic inscriptions, the so-called Toquz Oghuz owners, and today more than its As "Jiuxing back tassels," Oghuz counterparts back tassels, and then loop Turkic phonetic change has been 之 , Oghuz 之 prototype shall Oghur; Second, the reference to their ancestral legends Uygur 之 Oghuz people (this traditional epic "Pursuing Khan Biography"), is hereby changed to Oghur from the same department; Third, adding that in Latin America "set history," he said, Pursuing the common ancestor of all the Turkic people. In particular, the Uighur from Pursuing its various departments and uncle subordinates together form. Accordingly, we can see that the link between Uighur and Oghuz formed in the 14th century, before the legend China already mentioned. Therefore cinason speculated that the history of the West is very likely to return among Oghur Ethnic Groups Tassels were moved westward 之 a first (time Turkic, Mongolian not divide), Turkic rise, Back to knot internal split resulted in a different branch of Turkic languages Ethnic Groups in the final earlier : Some of the Turkic Turkic tribes is the most in-depth, and the Ministry of Sound Changes were also due to loop into Oghuz, formed under the rule of Turks Pursuing tribes, but with just as western Pecce Nie Ge (Pechneg) Seljuk (Seljuk), and Osman (Osman) are Turkic tribes out Among other things, the movement mainly southwest, the plains and the Caspian Sea into the most Annatuoliya plateau, 之 ancestors of today's Turks and Turkmens, an Eastward have entered China Gansu Become the ancestors of Salar. Turks were always part of the late owner to maintain the relative independence. Department of Music who was no diameter change, as, under the Jiuxing back tassels Turkic and Turkic continued resistance 之 rule, and finally in the mid-8th century after the overthrow of Turkic power to dominate the Mobei nearly 100 years later Also southwestward migration today Uighurs and Yugur mainly descendants. Avars (Avar) were Declining History notes -- Motoc 30 According to recorded history of the West, who moved westward 之 Oghur tribes is to avoid directly or indirectly to the East Han Avar compression side, which is China's historical records Touba Avar Wei places in the north of Empire Rouran enemy. Oghur because there are many tribes have joined Attila Hun tribes 之 Union Therefore Attila died, although the return of these tribes after the collapse of the Union of the Black Sea, the Caucasus, VOR Moreover, again, still known as the Pan-Hun people. Some of the traditional tribal, and some were re - New combination, while Attila Bulgar would absorb the Department, and includes a considerable number Onoghur sub-components. During this period (5, 6 century, before the rise of Turkic) Located south of the Byzantine Empire, they are often referred to as the Hun people. Hun tribes in the collapse of the Union, Hun were torn apart, some join the Byzantine Dili States mercenaries, then adding the north part of an emerging tribe, and often for a show of the Empire Jamming. The Byzantine Empire Hun first threat in the north is Bulgar tribes, when the investigation disabilities Tennyson took office, the generals who Attila descendants of uncivilized nationalities Mondulkiri (Mundo), under the leadership of Bulgar won a great victory in the war on the crisis eased, but then there Danube Kutrighur north to the lower reaches of the River tribes Byzantine new threats, Justinian was used " Effective ways "plans, buy another Hun tribes Utighur its northeast, both engaging Slaughter to reap third party profits. In these fight, which is many tribal 之 Oghur West moved to the Pannonian plain Attila Hun previously settled human again. While worship Chambers accounted for their struggle when northern forces encroached on the time of the mid-sixth century, the Oriental relocated to a more powerful Avar 之 nomadic people. In fact, this family just uses the Avar 之 became, rather than the Avar. However, they may be once the campaign is high Rouran 嚈 horse or car for more than, to borrow from Name not be overemphasized former owner (real 之 Avar Rouran were at this time that the east by the new 之 Xing's Turkic down on defense). Avar 之 moved westward is primarily to avoid Turk conquered, but as 嚈 clatter conqueror 之 Rouran and indeed also from the east of the Avar Turkic tribes in hot pursuit. Avar European first, is faltering, and Oghur Sabir has conquered the tribes, Bulgar Department was forced to join the Union, even in the history of Europe has just begun awakening Slavic Department Most succumb to the drop also Avar; However, the Turks fear 之 Oriental increasingly urgent threat, Avar Further have moved westward. At that time, the middle reaches of the Danube by Germanic tribes 之 Gepide (Gepid) rule -- since Hun Empire collapsed after they had occupied the heart of this 100 , Avar would combine their North Lombard (Lombard), who cracked Gepid, after independence Accounts, Lombard were fluctuated south valley occupied by Justinian After nearly 30 Ostrogoth years expeditions from the Department of recovering people Italia northern half of local people, thus foiled Justinian fields restore the old imperial dreams, a very great change in the history of Europe. Avar people Pannonian was moved to the main, and has brought a considerable quantity Kutrighur; The other hand, Due to a large number of Slavic tribes conquered Avar people will have to bring their advanced civilization of Baidoa Total domestic court in Dili, which planted for the future of the Balkan region of Yugoslavia in 1972. After Avar repeatedly invaded the Byzantine Empire, Radio Turks out of their time to the international situation to the West Gu Washington, often jointly with the Persian attack Baidoa States. But 20 years to the seventh century, the gradual decline Avar Drop attitude, even the year 8626 was a big turning point. In this year's east, about to board The actual memory of the founders of the Imperial Throne Datang With his calm, alertness and bravery, Chang'an City in the edge of the Weihe deterrence retired invading Turkish army, and with the size and shape of the outcome cham Under vows, inadvertently has quietly opened the curtain of conquering Turks things; But on the same The western city of Constantinople times, and forced alliance with Persia and the Andean Bulgar Kumaratunga's joint offensive Byzantine Avar also attempt to recover from Avar. Union soon collapsed, cramped headquarters in the EU, home to the early 19th century, was finally Charles Cayman 之 Franks Bulgar and Danube were down to eliminate the remaining integration of the masses was, after assimilation In Mazar and the adjacent Slavs. When Avar also strong, and so has ruled the Caucasus , Mountain Heights rustic influenced by outside smaller, it was a descent, it is today The Russian Federation's North Caucasus region of Dagestan east of the Avars. Bulgar (Bulgar) and the Hungarian (Hun) human relations History notes -- one Motoc Bulgar 之 exact name in the year when the first 480 years, its status as the Byzantine Empire 之 nomads to invade the North, after more than 70 years of volatile northern border to the middle of the sixth century, East come Avars (Avar) conquest. Cadbury 之 see things the "history of the late Roman Empire." (J.B.Bury, History of the Later Roman Empire), see also Xinuoer edited "The Sword Bridge Motoc ancient history "(Denis Sinor, The Cambridge history of early Inner Asia) Gorthon 之 and "Introduction to the history of Turkic peoples" (Peter B.Golden, An introduction to The history of the Turkic peoples), but also see 之 Louis Bazán, "Turk Calendar Study ". Today, most scholars have recognized, Bulgar who is Attila (Attila), the Hungarian people remaining In the Ministry of Love Ernack (Ernack) led by the return of the north part of the Lower Danube Hungary and neighboring tribes (mainly Wuguer (Oghur) tribes) mixture of the ancient nation. "Bulgar" shall word meaning "mixed, gathered." Attila's death from the examination, 480 27 years, the prime of his life Ernack indeed Bulgar founder of the nation, who in Later, the establishment of the Written Danube Bulgaria khanates a "chronology of the previous khan" Bolgars will Irnik placed second, Irnik scholars believe that this is the same with Ernack One person, and the enthronement of the year is 454, that Attila died the following year. Today Study To the middle reaches of the Volga River, more Chuvash (Chuvash) assigned to the Turkic language Nation Chuvash who was moved to the late 17th century to the middle reaches of the Volga River after the Bulgar Descent. Chuvash language in the entire Turkic and Altaic language plays a unique position His voice is the most typical features of ordinary words tails locates in the Turkic Chuvash language Congnate for r, which is near Unlike other Mongolian and Turkic-speaking, can be considered Changes in the transition to the Mongolian language from the Turkic language. Accordingly, we can see that the ancient language is a former Bulgar Turkic languages, but in general Turkic and Mongolian before they have opened a separate division. It is no other Turkic-speaking z suffix changes while retaining the ancient language of the Altay r Suffix. Mankind -- is generally believed that the phrase is not unconnected with the king of the ancient language is a former adviser to Hun Dedicated language, the language Hun language features to be retained as part of the Bulgar and this Chuvash language Language. Bulgar (Bulgar) human flow History notes -- Motoc 4 Since free Avar 之 control after 1930 from the seventh century, the remaining Bulgar joint Oghur It began recovering the country, Khan Kubrat to have quality in Constantinople (Kubrat) from Onoghur Department is Dulo (Dulo), a (according to online information Hunno-Bulgar Chronology). At this point Turkic west Khazar (Khazar) has been independent from both sides Fiercer tolerated after former sovereign, and therefore Bulgar was belligerent when Khazar. Golden Late Dulo internal strife as this one with the higher authorities completed the construction of a struggle in Europe and Asia lost landlocked west While Ogata, and if so, when Khazar 之 Khan graduated from the construction of a loss. Khan Kubrat about death In the 1960s, after his eldest son Palestinian Yen (Bayan) enthronement of a war gradually Department under Khazar Wind, the Year 9668, who defeated Bulgar, Bayan unaccounted remaining in the Department of Kubrat The remaining four zi continue under the leadership of the war. Because apart from Khazar, there Avar, worship Chambers, as well as new accounts and Bulgar 之 Arabs were enemies and ultimately lost the war, left Under the leadership of the Bulgar in Kubrat Scholars to various relocation of its principal have two, Ketelage second son of Kubrat (Kotrag) led a 之 in Chechnya is nominally Khazar, the middle reaches of the Volga river moved far north, in the confluence of the Volga and Kama River City building Bulgar, "Volga bulgar Empire"; A third son of Kubrat Aspen Baruch (Asparukh) led a 之 still persist resistance Khazar, moved southwestward more Danube River, and together with some Slavic tribes conquered in the year 681, the state capital. In Pliska, "Danube bulgar Empire," are now is, as its Slavic scholars 之 first country to the Slavs, it -- even ridiculous. Volga Khanate country even bulgar Long ago moved westward when its original Magyars are subject to the rule, which opened its Turkic -- And technology; 10th Century Khazar Khanate decline was from the Volga Khanate its bulgar Control, after the 13th century Mongol destruction in the western world war, and some of its descent into the outer Kazan Tartar people, mainly Chuvash become today. Khanates fighting in the Danube bulgar Khazar the same time, continue to work with Byzantine enemies to the beginning of the 19th century, the country gradually Washington, khan Croom (Krum) with Charlemagne Tati alliance, joint stubbed out residual Avar Empire (AD 803), all Oghur tribal Balkans (Onoghur, Kutrighur, and Utighur Saraghur) leaders; After walloping Byzantine army (AD 811), killed his emperor Nicephorus, together with silver Bulgar human custom framed for his head to drink, forced Byzantine Cede territory for peace, human Bulgar forces are gradually entering the Danube River to the south. When the 19th century Orthodox final period, on the Danube Bolgars Slavs of the road, then links Often called the "Bulgaria (Bulgaria)", in essence, is the conqueror 之 Bolgars Assimilation was in the majority of the conquerors 之 Slavs. In today's Bulgaria, Turkic tribes originated from the Bolgars just left a term that in other areas The impact should be minimal. Bulgar (Bulgar) in the ratio of scheduled collection History notes -- Motoc 5 Bulgar correspond to the historical data on how Chinese nation has so openly conclusion. Shiratori Secretary to Kyrgyzstan Compared to Tielei tribes "SUI" one China "Overhead 嗢 faint", who see only this one, and List of surviving his question. Mrs Yu Cheng Yuan Wei inside with all that Bulgar named "step deer Alone "with the survey, if so, they should enter the market as early as TuoBaXianBei prior to separation Touba Ministry had earlier case, "the state-36, restored to 99," when many tribal Tielei In, and some Western scholars (such as Grousset) to Touba is also a Turkic people classified Line, this room had its Tielei syringoma and Bulgar 之 Dulo not a contradiction. Bulgar case Hun may be moved westward at the same time or earlier, in Mobei nation will join with the people of Touba The Alliance, restored to become further isolated deer, later renamed the "MAC", the compilation were landing "Disparment" Introduction of this law is a human nation. Cinason think that Tielei promote opposition among ancient tribes are also related to or from the point of view of the sound, phase Polled pulled out a wild Gudang to stay in Mobei 之 Bulgar headquarters, or can be traced back to its first V Rouran cham beginning of the century by the king for more than promote social Lun also 稽 之 conquest (Bulgar moved westward likely that 之 At this point, possibly as early as this sometimes together with the Northern Huns moved westward), Rouran Empire was shattered. Ashina also promote Turkic people as well as the rule of the ancient field Tielei Jiuxing promote one of its strength Still very strong, and continue to work together against the Turks back tassels, after overthrowing the common Turkic khanates Headed back to knot formed in the course of the tribal alliance, which became large back tassels outside Jiuxing Surname; Also, the complex also moved westward 之 Bulgar back East, this test summarized below. According to "Sun Sui Cheng Chuan book," Six century beginning of the seventh century Turkic civil strife, cham indisputable legislation, Son of Late Room points of the first steps up the east Mobei Micah Khan, and Khan's report Kai Sui 之 struggles Sun Sheng-represented in the Sui Dynasty to the impetus, the first rear up and sent subordinates 之 Fly down the riots, "Tielei, ideological unity and downs with Lee Qun, landing on Saddam, Abbas and several thousand bone" As soon as ten other times, reached the first flaw, fled Tuyuhun disappeared. Tribal listed here. CD, "Fu Lee" have not verified that "Abbas" to the West more than a history of Avar, see all the other tribes Tielei on, "has created" doubt over the surviving set, in addition to that when the Central Tielei Jiuxing Pistachio Department, it could also be the Hun 之 sounds. Eurasian landlocked situation at this time linked the east and west side. Cinason that arise here "with Fu Lee," is very likely to have been abducted Turkish conquest Threat to East part of Bulgar. Mentioned before, the Turks had westward track late sixth century Avar and subjugate them to recover part of that time, such as Hun Bulgar Avar have conquered, Oghur tribes, and therefore chose Turk may also contain Bulgar tribes, Hun Part Ups and downs, there is, in the "Fu Lee with Qun," but "Abbas," and will make it possible for the Bulgar, Hun together instead Turk Avar tribes, may have failed with an earlier break in the main Turkic Movement to the Department 之 Avar remaining. Late close examination room point - a-tat of the first graduates lose out crossbows and Bulgar Ministry is an Dulo, contradictions known to higher authorities, the first in the east have reached this rebellion. Here 之 also be released. Also, as noted above "with Lee Fu" and "created" two words bear phase Adjacency, we can deduce a very close relationship between the two, and the relationship between the foregoing Bulgar and Hun Expositions, and in the history of the West is often par, and even sometimes writing Hunno-Bulgar or Bulgar-Hun, this is "with Lee Fu-formed" a translator. If so, Bolgars it was the beginning of the seventh century and join hands to confront the Sui Dynasty Turkic-evident. Mazar (Magyar) human origins History notes -- Motoc 60 "Mazar" human Hungary claimed that its entry into Europe in 1987, history divergent Meaning. Most modern scholar has classified its Finnish-Ugric a whole, but there Less "heretical" theory. If Pritsak that Magyar Xianbei with the name "Murong" The saying that a Xianbei 之 Sabir moved to West Ural - Volga region, to conquer the local 之 Ugric Peoples, was formed Magyars so. The author also proposed nearly Zhuxueyuan (On Mazar Ethnic Tamils in the Far East, are the "world nation," No. 2, 1998), Magyar for VII A century later Mohe 之 defeat against Tang conquest moved westward across, and from other languages and names Done a lot of comparison and analysis, and that today's Hungarian descent 之 初 相 Mohe PFP much to be desired. Although the current evidence that it is indeed difficult to draw specific conclusions. All had in common with these hypotheses reveals Magyar Altaic peoples (Xianbei and Mohe Mongolia's Altai belong to the Department of Ethnic Groups and Tunguska department) has deeper origins and general The general view that the Magyar mainly composed of the Urals and the Altai people. Of course, since then the long-term Indo-European system of national siege, a lot of mixed Europa factor. Magyar who belong to the Ural branch of the original Finnish-Ugric language family, one of the Ugric Department originally lived between the Ural mountains and the middle reaches of the Volga River, seven 1970s, Bulgar Khazar Khanate 之 strikes in the collapse of a middle Volga River to relocate to the north, Magyar People with the latest starting time through the Altai people contact, Bulgar people "before Turk, "the main factor, Magyar people here began Turk; Bao because Volga Chechnya is still nominally in Senegal khanates southern Khazar Khanate, it also Magyar Lost to the construction completed by the Department of Turkic people cham 之 Khazar human impact. To the mid-8th century. Magyar southwestward migration of a people to Khazar activities of the unit in the northern Black Sea Area, where they receive more Turkic culture, it is available to two Senate Pass : First, today Hungarian "God" to isten, namely, the name of the ancestor from the Late Room point Close (Istemi); Second, the department has lost 之 ancient Turkic Turkic language (known as the West Runi Turkic language similar to their ancient Nordic Runi text font) has been The 18th century is still preserved in the region to Hungary tailored Zhvania. Of the nineteenth century. Magyar gradually from Khazar bound to strengthen the internal rule, the seven tribes Al deviated (Volga River, the Don downstream) The establishment of the tribal alliance, it was Wittgenstein - D emperor documented the times : "Son of Hungary from Altai tribal view almos Bard with the wishes of wisdom, courage force Maria, according to Cajal [cinason case : Khazar -- customs and laws to shield Eerbade home, up to large corporations. "Breath of the Union Background : Although it is out of the Khazar control, but the forces are far more than the Magyar The Peicheniege (Pechneg) did mean greater danger. Chinese origin who Pechneg Pursuing a Turkic Asian 之 later westward movement, the beginning of the 19th century came to the Volga River basin, Khazar were due to the oppression, relocation of grass between the Dnipro River and River Proust Tundra. At that time, Magyar as Byzantine allies southwest of the Danube and Bulgar People fighting, but the rear (east) has been constantly Bulgar alliance with the Pechneg The attacks were finally forced to leave late in 3895, deviated soared to the Carpathian Basin Retreat. According to them since the previous Hun and Avar middle reaches of the Danube is a human again Belt, in accepting the Department escape from Khazar come Kabar three (after the founding of Hungary Kabar hours come from the royal family), composed of 10 tribal alliance, still claiming Magyar. However, we can see from the above, in the middle reaches of the Danube considerable quantity Onoghur. As Hun and Avar and Bulgar moving into the period, the pre-integration of the Hun and Avar 之 spare the masses, this time accompanied by a new, jointly come Magyar, the Hungarian nation and the future Infrastructure, and surrounded by all nationalities were mostly called "Ongur" (Ongur, from Onoghur. After the evolution of Russian 之 in rural е н г р TURBO, 之 Ungarn German, Italian 之 Ungheria, 之 Hongrie French, Spanish and English in Hungary 之 Hungria Etc.), in his notion Onoghur to become known, and the arrival of Magyar bring human Europeans terrorist cents early Hun no less than 500 years ago, Hun word Onoghur Also words sounded similar to the first, was turned into Ongur (Hungary), and its claim to the contrary was not significant. Magyar people in the 10th century to settle in this region of Hungary shortly after founding the Hungarian kingdom, comply with According to the Catholic Church, which has a history of not Motoc, it will not go into the details
Oghuzhan
07-10-06, 06:48
07-10-06, 06:42
Oghuzhan Posts: n/a

Tordashlargha Izgu tilek!

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Quote:
Originally Posted by Unregistered
hormetlik ohuzhan yazhanmakalingiz nahayiti yahxi boptu,eger imkaniyet bolsa englisqe sehipilerde koperek elan kiling, eger uygurqe nuskisi bolsa bu betke elan kilhan bolsingiz tehimu yahxi bolhan bolatti.

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Efendim, Bu maqalini men yazmighan, uning ustige Engilizchemmu maqala yazalaydighan derijide emes.men peqet bu maqalini engilizche elan qilish xitayche elan qilghangha qarighanda muhim iken dep qaldim. bu maqala esli melum birsi teripidin bu sehipide xitayche elan qilinghan iken.perizimche bu yerde xitayche elan qilinghandin Engilizche elan qilinghini yaxshi.maqala eslidinla xitayche oqurmenlerge teyyarlanghan sehipidin elinghan bolghachqa bu yerde, u nusxigha qoshup engilizche elan qilip qoyush xata emes.chunki biz chetelde xelqimizni tonushturimiz deydikenmiz xitay tiligha qarighanda Engiliz tiligha kopraq ehtiyaj chushidu.men bu betni ziyaret qilidighan Chet-ellik tordashlar we arimizdiki Engilizchisi Xitaychisidin yaxshiraq hemsherilirimizning we yaki hemme tilni bilidighanlarning ehtiyajini nezerde tutup,Élmach(aptomatik terjime mashinisi)din paydilinip, xitayche esli bashqa apturlar teripidin yezilghan muhim maqalilardin bir qanchini Engilizche elan qilip qoydum.men bu maqalilarning apturi emes, peqet bu sehipige teyyarlighuchisi.emdi uning Uyghurche elan qilinishigha kelsek, hazir Engiliz, Xitay, German, Erep qatarliq chong tillardiki maqala eserlerni aptomatik öz- ara bir birige terjime qilalaydigha Élmach (tilmachqa oxshutup shundaq elindi), TIL we yeziqlarni bashqa til we yeziqlargha aylanduridighan iqtidar Internet arqiliq komputergha yuklengen bolsimu, u tillarning ichide ana tilimiz Uyghur tili texiche bolmighachqa,Xitay yaki Engiliz, Erep yaki German tilidiki maqalilarni biwaste Uyghurchigha Élmach arqiliq eliktironluq terjime qilghili bolmaydu.uni birmu-bir Uyghurchigha terjime qilip chiqayli desek erzimeydu.(gung Koturmeydu.) Shunga yoqtin yaxshiraq bolsun uchun diqqitinglargha u xil terjime nusxisini ish qoshmay turup teqdim qilip qoyghan.bu ishtin xapa bolup ketmeslikingizni soraymen. men sizning uzaq bolmighan bir kelguside, nurghunlighan musteqil döliti bar milletlerge oxshash yengidin yezilghan Engiliz, Xitay , Erep we Yapon tiliridiki maqalilarni hechqandaq terjiman we bashqa tilgha muhtaj bolmay turup, Elmach arqiliq ana tilimizgha aylandurup oquyalaydighan haletke kelishingizge tilekdashliq bildurishtin bashqini qilalmaymen. Kechurung!
Unregistered
07-10-06, 04:15
Dear Oghuzhan,

Thank you very much for posting the English version of this article.
It would be great if some one can translate it to Uyghur.