Uni-Student
18-11-08, 01:19
Assalamu Alaykom...
Men Helqaraliq-Soda fakultitida oquwatqan bir oqughuchi. Imtihan teyyarlighi bilen Bek aldirash bolup, ete tapshuridighan bu maqalemni yazalmay, dostumnign maqalisini ozgertish kirguzup tapshurmaqchi boldum. Shunga sewiyesi bar wetendashlardin bu maqaligha az tola ozgertish kirguzup berishinglarni soraymen! Rehmet silerge!
I am an International-trade student, due to my up coming exams I coudn`t do my assignment which is do tomorrow. Thus, I had to do modification to my friend`s onw to submit, so I hope someone can help me do some modification on this article ergently,, plz.. thanks in advence.
Two advantage of Australia industries under FTA with the US are agriculture industry (beef, wheat, etc) and Public Services sector.
Two disadvantage of Australia industries under FTA with the US are manufacture industry (automotive) and Pharmaceuticals sector.
Reason to retain trade barriers are protect domestic economy environment, industry, tax purpose, government revenue, balance of market.
Australia’s Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) guarantees Australians some of the cheapest medicines in the world. The agreement as it applies to drugs is to favour the US companies, to increase the prices, to ultimately reduce access to cheap, affordable drugs in Australia
Under the trade agreement, the FTA delivers new export markets to farmers. At the same time, it threatens local markets by giving all US imports into Australia (many of them subsidised by the US government) "immediate duty-free access", and by making changes to quarantine standards to allow more US produce in.
Australian beef exports to the US will remain for the next 18 years, until 2022, before free trade is instituted. Australian dairy exports will be allowed to increase to a tiny 2% of US imports. Sugar is excluded from the deal.
However, local produce which will be threatened with increased imports of subsidised US produce including processed foods, soups and bakery products, fruits and vegetables, dried onions, fruit and vegetable juices, dried plums, potatoes, almonds, tomatoes, cherries, raisins, olives, fresh grapes, sweet corn, frozen strawberries, and walnuts.
The FTA will also give the US unprecedented influence over Australian quarantine laws by creating a new body to oversee quarantine, on which the US government will sit. The US Government has stated that using this new body, "food inspection procedures that have posed barriers in the past will be addressed, benefiting [US agricultural] sectors such as pork, citrus, apples and stone fruit."
Opening up Australian markets to these US imports will not only threaten Australian growers, but will bring in new pests and diseases against which current quarantine rules protect.
Under the FTA, more than 99 percent of U.S. manufactured exports to Australia will become duty-free immediately upon entry into force of the Agreement. U.S. manufacturers estimate that this elimination of tariffs could result in US$2 billion per year in increased U.S. exports of manufactured goods - that is, an increase of US$2 billion per year in Australian imports.
Trade unions have predicted that this change will result in tens of thousands of jobs lost as local production is displaced by imports from technologically superior American manufacturers.
Australia is very concerned about the car components industry as it is an industry that is the backbone of Australian manufacturing. FTA is sacrifice manufacturing jobs.
Even Toyota Australia has warned that the FTA could destroy the Australian car industry, causing manufacturers to move to the US, where production would be cheaper. Ford is considering the closure of its Factory in Geelong, Victoria as a direct result of the FTA.
The FTA will undermine Australia's existing environmental laws and fetter Australian governments seeking to legislate to protect the environment. And while US law requires a formal environmental assessment of all trade agreements, the potential environmental impacts of this agreement for Australia have never been formally assessed by the government. Many serious questions about the environmental consequences of the AUSFTA therefore remain unanswered.
In services, Australia commits to ensuring that its environmental, human rights and labour laws do not act as a barrier to trade in services. If they do, Australia can be taken by the US Government to a specially convened dispute settlement panel, which will be able to rule that the law must be repealed or compensation paid. This could increase pressure for the privatisation of Australia and make it more difficult for Australian governments.
FTA has not resulted in any immediate changes to Australian quarantine laws; it puts in place procedures that may, in the future, weaken those quarantine laws and also laws governing the environmental.
Australia appears not to have made concessions allowing the removal of our laws governing the disclosure of genetically modified ingredients. However, it would still always be open for the US to challenge the validity of these laws through the WTO as they have European laws.
The FTA presented an opportunity to promote sustainable development and other positive environmental outcomes in Australia and the United States as well as the wider Asia Pacific Region. Instead, it remains limited in its environmental scope and relies merely on voluntary initiatives as the preferred instruments for promoting environmental protection.
The FTA includes an inadequate dispute settlement process that does not reflect the judicial traditions of Australia and the US.
Australia has not undertaken an environmental impact assessment of the FTA. Consequently, we lack assessment of the potentially significant environmental impacts arising from increased agricultural exports from Australia, and from the increased importation into Australia of a wide range of products.
Australians have no public process to review or recommend amendments to the FTA draft text. Unlike Congress, with its right of veto, our Parliament cannot vote on the FTA. Parliament cannot stop the agreement being signed by our Prime Minister if it determines the FTA is not in the national interest. The sole, weak course of action available to the Parliament is to block any enabling legislation required to implement the agreement - after it is signed - at the domestic level. This blatantly undemocratic situation requires immediate attention and reform.
Local Content Rules in Australian TV and radio ensure that Australian stories and Australian voices are heard over the deluge of American programming. But the US, not content with this, has used the FTA to limit Australia’s right to regulate its film, TV and radio.
The US has reported that "the FTA contains important and unprecedented provisions to improve market access for U.S. films and television programs over a variety of media including cable, satellite, and the Internet."
The FTA significantly limits the government's right to regulate the Australian media, including:
* In the Multi-Channel environment for Free to Air TV, 80% of channels will be free of local content regulation.
* Pay TV will only have to spend 10% of their total production budget on local content, and this only applies to arts, children's, documentary, drama and educational shows - other subjects can have no local content quotas.
* In the area of Australian film, the ability to regulate has been lost.
The FTA significantly increases the rights of intellectual property owners - mostly large corporations - over users - mostly ordinary people. Changes under the FTA include
* Extension in the term for copyright material from life of the author plus 50 years to life of the author plus 70 years. Such increased copyright protection will impose serious costs on the public who will have to pay to use large numbers of everything from music to film and books which would otherwise be in the public domain. Further, this restriction will stifle creativity, discriminating against new and small artists who are further restricted in their ability to use material which would otherwise be in the public domain.
* Enormously increased powers for copyright-owning corporations, enabling them to disturb business, attack normal consumer practices, and suppress information;
* Draconian requirements of Internet Services Providers which would be burdensome for those businesses, and intrusive into the activities of businesses and consumers;
* issue of patents for mere descriptions of business processes, which is completely at odds with the very notion of patents, and seriously constraining on the conduct of business.
Among other effects, these changes will limit the ability of Australian software developers, companies, and users to benefit from and contribute to the Open Source software industry. Again, this benefits large software corporations such as Microsoft, and stifles the creativity of ordinary computer programmers.
Most people wouldn't think that public services have anything to do with trade, but modern trade agreements now aim to limit governments' ability to provide public services.
Thanks to the use of a "negative list" in the Australia-US FTA, all services sectors not specifically excluded from the deal are now fully liberalised under the FTA. The US says "Australia will accord substantial market access across its entire services regime, offering access in sectors such as telecommunications, express delivery, computer and related services, tourism, energy, construction and engineering, financial services, insurance, audio/visual and entertainment, professional, environmental, education and training, and other services sectors."
This means that in these areas, US companies can demand "market access" to bid for public services currently supplied by the government. The US government can challenge any regulation of any of these services as a "barrier to trade" under the FTA. For example, in the area of "environmental services", requirements that national parks be run by government agencies may be a "barrier to trade" which could be challenged, opening national parks to be run by US corporations.
It may also make it difficult for the government to restrict the operation of some corporations. For instance, limits on the number or type of tourism service operators in environmentally sensitive areas could be a "barrier to trade", in breach of the FTA.
Not only this, but the FTA will make it almost impossible for any future Australian government to run public services currently supplied by private companies.
Finally, the Australian government has used the FTA to pledge to the US Government to privatise Telstra as part of the agreement. This is not only concerning, but undemocratic given the significant popular opposition to this measure.
Q: 2C
Investment
Us investment in new businesses will be exempt from screening. While the FTA will have a dispute-settlement mechanism, unlike the NFTA only allow for investor activated or investor-state disputes.
Agriculture
Australia had made no gain on sugar access. A safeguard mechanism will also operate in the event of significant price-decreases for certain Australian horticultural imports to the US. There will be a three-fold increase in tariff quotas at the average yearly rate of 5%. The deal includes certain cheese, butter, milk, cream and ice cream products that were previously excluded from the US. The increase in Australia dairy imports will be equivalent to about 0.17% of us dairy production and 2% of the current value of total US dairy imports. There is no change in over-quota tariffs. Both DFAT and USTR hail the outcome of the agreement for the elimination of tariffs on other products such as lamb. Oranges, cotton, seeds, cut flowers, soybeans, fresh and processed fruits, vegetable and nuts, alcohol and processed food produces such as soups. The USTR says all us agricultural exports to Australia valued at $400m will receive duty-free access to Australia as at the date of effect of the FTA.
Manufactured Goods
97% of Australia manufacturing exports to the US will be duty free, 99% of us manufacturing exports to Australia will be duty free. Textile and some footwear will be tariff free in 2015, in addition to each country retaining their anti-dumping countervailing measures. There will be special transitional safeguard measures for textile and clothing. Tariff on car components and commercial vehicles will be eliminated from the date of effect of the agreement. Australia passengers’ car tariff will be phased out by 2010.
The rules of origin will use a test as to whether products which include imported inputs are substantially transformed in the US or Australia, to the extent that the product changes tariff classification.
Audio-Visual Services
FTA protects local content requirements, including capacity to set requirements for new and emerging media and to go beyond existing measures for subscription television formats, such as drama, children’s programming, and documentaries. Nevertheless, according to the USTR the FTA contains important and unprecedented provisions to improve market access for US films and TV programs over a variety of media including cable, satellite, and the internet.”
Pharmaceuticals
DFAT states that while the PBS procedures will be changed to provide for
Greater transparency, speedier decision-making, and more opportunities
For input from interested companies, the price of prescriptions will not increase as a result of the FTA. The USTR states that the parties have agreed on the importance of innovation and research and development in pharmaceuticals, and the need to recognize the value of innovative pharmaceuticals and to have procedures that appropriately value the objectively demonstrated
Therapeutic value of a pharmaceutical. To implement these principles
There will be provision for an independent review of PBS determinations
Of product listings, and other changes to enhance the transparency and
Accountability of the PBS.
DFAT also advises that the marketing approval process of the Therapeutic Goods Administration will ensure that generic manufactures do not enter the market before a patent expires, and that notice will be given to a US patent-owner where a generic manufacturer seeks to enter the market on the grounds that the patent is invalid.
Government Procurement
US federal government contracts over $US6, 725, 000 in construction and
Over $US 58,550 in other sectors will be open to Australian companies.
The US federal procurement market is estimated to be worth $200 billion
And Australia will join a list of over 80 countries able to compete for contracts.
DFAT states that most US state government purchases will also be open
To Australian firms, while the USTR says that the extent of access at the
State and territory level will be finalised over the next few weeks.
DFAT states that Australian procurement preferences for small business
And indigenous people will remain. USTR states that the Commonwealth
Government will eliminate industry development programs that require
Suppliers to meet local content or local manufacturing requirements.
Services
There is little detail about the outcome for a range of service sectors. However, it appears that, at least for education services and legal services, the FTA will require Australia to treat American owned service providers operating in Australia as favourably as Australian providers, except with respect to subsidies and grants.
Labour and Environment Standards
The USTR states that there are statements in the FTA about ILO obligations and the need for high levels of environment protection. However, according to DFAT the only provisions that are enforceable through the agreement’s dispute-resolution mechanism are those to the effect that neither party shall fail to enforce domestic labour and environmental laws to achieve a trade advantage.
Men Helqaraliq-Soda fakultitida oquwatqan bir oqughuchi. Imtihan teyyarlighi bilen Bek aldirash bolup, ete tapshuridighan bu maqalemni yazalmay, dostumnign maqalisini ozgertish kirguzup tapshurmaqchi boldum. Shunga sewiyesi bar wetendashlardin bu maqaligha az tola ozgertish kirguzup berishinglarni soraymen! Rehmet silerge!
I am an International-trade student, due to my up coming exams I coudn`t do my assignment which is do tomorrow. Thus, I had to do modification to my friend`s onw to submit, so I hope someone can help me do some modification on this article ergently,, plz.. thanks in advence.
Two advantage of Australia industries under FTA with the US are agriculture industry (beef, wheat, etc) and Public Services sector.
Two disadvantage of Australia industries under FTA with the US are manufacture industry (automotive) and Pharmaceuticals sector.
Reason to retain trade barriers are protect domestic economy environment, industry, tax purpose, government revenue, balance of market.
Australia’s Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) guarantees Australians some of the cheapest medicines in the world. The agreement as it applies to drugs is to favour the US companies, to increase the prices, to ultimately reduce access to cheap, affordable drugs in Australia
Under the trade agreement, the FTA delivers new export markets to farmers. At the same time, it threatens local markets by giving all US imports into Australia (many of them subsidised by the US government) "immediate duty-free access", and by making changes to quarantine standards to allow more US produce in.
Australian beef exports to the US will remain for the next 18 years, until 2022, before free trade is instituted. Australian dairy exports will be allowed to increase to a tiny 2% of US imports. Sugar is excluded from the deal.
However, local produce which will be threatened with increased imports of subsidised US produce including processed foods, soups and bakery products, fruits and vegetables, dried onions, fruit and vegetable juices, dried plums, potatoes, almonds, tomatoes, cherries, raisins, olives, fresh grapes, sweet corn, frozen strawberries, and walnuts.
The FTA will also give the US unprecedented influence over Australian quarantine laws by creating a new body to oversee quarantine, on which the US government will sit. The US Government has stated that using this new body, "food inspection procedures that have posed barriers in the past will be addressed, benefiting [US agricultural] sectors such as pork, citrus, apples and stone fruit."
Opening up Australian markets to these US imports will not only threaten Australian growers, but will bring in new pests and diseases against which current quarantine rules protect.
Under the FTA, more than 99 percent of U.S. manufactured exports to Australia will become duty-free immediately upon entry into force of the Agreement. U.S. manufacturers estimate that this elimination of tariffs could result in US$2 billion per year in increased U.S. exports of manufactured goods - that is, an increase of US$2 billion per year in Australian imports.
Trade unions have predicted that this change will result in tens of thousands of jobs lost as local production is displaced by imports from technologically superior American manufacturers.
Australia is very concerned about the car components industry as it is an industry that is the backbone of Australian manufacturing. FTA is sacrifice manufacturing jobs.
Even Toyota Australia has warned that the FTA could destroy the Australian car industry, causing manufacturers to move to the US, where production would be cheaper. Ford is considering the closure of its Factory in Geelong, Victoria as a direct result of the FTA.
The FTA will undermine Australia's existing environmental laws and fetter Australian governments seeking to legislate to protect the environment. And while US law requires a formal environmental assessment of all trade agreements, the potential environmental impacts of this agreement for Australia have never been formally assessed by the government. Many serious questions about the environmental consequences of the AUSFTA therefore remain unanswered.
In services, Australia commits to ensuring that its environmental, human rights and labour laws do not act as a barrier to trade in services. If they do, Australia can be taken by the US Government to a specially convened dispute settlement panel, which will be able to rule that the law must be repealed or compensation paid. This could increase pressure for the privatisation of Australia and make it more difficult for Australian governments.
FTA has not resulted in any immediate changes to Australian quarantine laws; it puts in place procedures that may, in the future, weaken those quarantine laws and also laws governing the environmental.
Australia appears not to have made concessions allowing the removal of our laws governing the disclosure of genetically modified ingredients. However, it would still always be open for the US to challenge the validity of these laws through the WTO as they have European laws.
The FTA presented an opportunity to promote sustainable development and other positive environmental outcomes in Australia and the United States as well as the wider Asia Pacific Region. Instead, it remains limited in its environmental scope and relies merely on voluntary initiatives as the preferred instruments for promoting environmental protection.
The FTA includes an inadequate dispute settlement process that does not reflect the judicial traditions of Australia and the US.
Australia has not undertaken an environmental impact assessment of the FTA. Consequently, we lack assessment of the potentially significant environmental impacts arising from increased agricultural exports from Australia, and from the increased importation into Australia of a wide range of products.
Australians have no public process to review or recommend amendments to the FTA draft text. Unlike Congress, with its right of veto, our Parliament cannot vote on the FTA. Parliament cannot stop the agreement being signed by our Prime Minister if it determines the FTA is not in the national interest. The sole, weak course of action available to the Parliament is to block any enabling legislation required to implement the agreement - after it is signed - at the domestic level. This blatantly undemocratic situation requires immediate attention and reform.
Local Content Rules in Australian TV and radio ensure that Australian stories and Australian voices are heard over the deluge of American programming. But the US, not content with this, has used the FTA to limit Australia’s right to regulate its film, TV and radio.
The US has reported that "the FTA contains important and unprecedented provisions to improve market access for U.S. films and television programs over a variety of media including cable, satellite, and the Internet."
The FTA significantly limits the government's right to regulate the Australian media, including:
* In the Multi-Channel environment for Free to Air TV, 80% of channels will be free of local content regulation.
* Pay TV will only have to spend 10% of their total production budget on local content, and this only applies to arts, children's, documentary, drama and educational shows - other subjects can have no local content quotas.
* In the area of Australian film, the ability to regulate has been lost.
The FTA significantly increases the rights of intellectual property owners - mostly large corporations - over users - mostly ordinary people. Changes under the FTA include
* Extension in the term for copyright material from life of the author plus 50 years to life of the author plus 70 years. Such increased copyright protection will impose serious costs on the public who will have to pay to use large numbers of everything from music to film and books which would otherwise be in the public domain. Further, this restriction will stifle creativity, discriminating against new and small artists who are further restricted in their ability to use material which would otherwise be in the public domain.
* Enormously increased powers for copyright-owning corporations, enabling them to disturb business, attack normal consumer practices, and suppress information;
* Draconian requirements of Internet Services Providers which would be burdensome for those businesses, and intrusive into the activities of businesses and consumers;
* issue of patents for mere descriptions of business processes, which is completely at odds with the very notion of patents, and seriously constraining on the conduct of business.
Among other effects, these changes will limit the ability of Australian software developers, companies, and users to benefit from and contribute to the Open Source software industry. Again, this benefits large software corporations such as Microsoft, and stifles the creativity of ordinary computer programmers.
Most people wouldn't think that public services have anything to do with trade, but modern trade agreements now aim to limit governments' ability to provide public services.
Thanks to the use of a "negative list" in the Australia-US FTA, all services sectors not specifically excluded from the deal are now fully liberalised under the FTA. The US says "Australia will accord substantial market access across its entire services regime, offering access in sectors such as telecommunications, express delivery, computer and related services, tourism, energy, construction and engineering, financial services, insurance, audio/visual and entertainment, professional, environmental, education and training, and other services sectors."
This means that in these areas, US companies can demand "market access" to bid for public services currently supplied by the government. The US government can challenge any regulation of any of these services as a "barrier to trade" under the FTA. For example, in the area of "environmental services", requirements that national parks be run by government agencies may be a "barrier to trade" which could be challenged, opening national parks to be run by US corporations.
It may also make it difficult for the government to restrict the operation of some corporations. For instance, limits on the number or type of tourism service operators in environmentally sensitive areas could be a "barrier to trade", in breach of the FTA.
Not only this, but the FTA will make it almost impossible for any future Australian government to run public services currently supplied by private companies.
Finally, the Australian government has used the FTA to pledge to the US Government to privatise Telstra as part of the agreement. This is not only concerning, but undemocratic given the significant popular opposition to this measure.
Q: 2C
Investment
Us investment in new businesses will be exempt from screening. While the FTA will have a dispute-settlement mechanism, unlike the NFTA only allow for investor activated or investor-state disputes.
Agriculture
Australia had made no gain on sugar access. A safeguard mechanism will also operate in the event of significant price-decreases for certain Australian horticultural imports to the US. There will be a three-fold increase in tariff quotas at the average yearly rate of 5%. The deal includes certain cheese, butter, milk, cream and ice cream products that were previously excluded from the US. The increase in Australia dairy imports will be equivalent to about 0.17% of us dairy production and 2% of the current value of total US dairy imports. There is no change in over-quota tariffs. Both DFAT and USTR hail the outcome of the agreement for the elimination of tariffs on other products such as lamb. Oranges, cotton, seeds, cut flowers, soybeans, fresh and processed fruits, vegetable and nuts, alcohol and processed food produces such as soups. The USTR says all us agricultural exports to Australia valued at $400m will receive duty-free access to Australia as at the date of effect of the FTA.
Manufactured Goods
97% of Australia manufacturing exports to the US will be duty free, 99% of us manufacturing exports to Australia will be duty free. Textile and some footwear will be tariff free in 2015, in addition to each country retaining their anti-dumping countervailing measures. There will be special transitional safeguard measures for textile and clothing. Tariff on car components and commercial vehicles will be eliminated from the date of effect of the agreement. Australia passengers’ car tariff will be phased out by 2010.
The rules of origin will use a test as to whether products which include imported inputs are substantially transformed in the US or Australia, to the extent that the product changes tariff classification.
Audio-Visual Services
FTA protects local content requirements, including capacity to set requirements for new and emerging media and to go beyond existing measures for subscription television formats, such as drama, children’s programming, and documentaries. Nevertheless, according to the USTR the FTA contains important and unprecedented provisions to improve market access for US films and TV programs over a variety of media including cable, satellite, and the internet.”
Pharmaceuticals
DFAT states that while the PBS procedures will be changed to provide for
Greater transparency, speedier decision-making, and more opportunities
For input from interested companies, the price of prescriptions will not increase as a result of the FTA. The USTR states that the parties have agreed on the importance of innovation and research and development in pharmaceuticals, and the need to recognize the value of innovative pharmaceuticals and to have procedures that appropriately value the objectively demonstrated
Therapeutic value of a pharmaceutical. To implement these principles
There will be provision for an independent review of PBS determinations
Of product listings, and other changes to enhance the transparency and
Accountability of the PBS.
DFAT also advises that the marketing approval process of the Therapeutic Goods Administration will ensure that generic manufactures do not enter the market before a patent expires, and that notice will be given to a US patent-owner where a generic manufacturer seeks to enter the market on the grounds that the patent is invalid.
Government Procurement
US federal government contracts over $US6, 725, 000 in construction and
Over $US 58,550 in other sectors will be open to Australian companies.
The US federal procurement market is estimated to be worth $200 billion
And Australia will join a list of over 80 countries able to compete for contracts.
DFAT states that most US state government purchases will also be open
To Australian firms, while the USTR says that the extent of access at the
State and territory level will be finalised over the next few weeks.
DFAT states that Australian procurement preferences for small business
And indigenous people will remain. USTR states that the Commonwealth
Government will eliminate industry development programs that require
Suppliers to meet local content or local manufacturing requirements.
Services
There is little detail about the outcome for a range of service sectors. However, it appears that, at least for education services and legal services, the FTA will require Australia to treat American owned service providers operating in Australia as favourably as Australian providers, except with respect to subsidies and grants.
Labour and Environment Standards
The USTR states that there are statements in the FTA about ILO obligations and the need for high levels of environment protection. However, according to DFAT the only provisions that are enforceable through the agreement’s dispute-resolution mechanism are those to the effect that neither party shall fail to enforce domestic labour and environmental laws to achieve a trade advantage.